Redes automotivas e suas tecnologias

The increasing integration of electronic systems and communication networks defines the evolution of the automotive industry. This work provides a technical and critical analysis of the main automotive network technologies – Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), and Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST). Through a systematic literature review, the study details the protocols that formed the foundation of in-vehicle communication and explores how new industry demands are driving a profound architectural transformation. The analysis demonstrates that the traditional communication architecture was built on an ecosystem of specialized protocols, with CAN established for critical real-time systems, LIN for low-cost functions, and MOST for infotainment applications. However, the study reveals that the demands imposed by the new Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) automation levels and connectivity expose the inherent limitations of these legacy protocols, particularly regarding bandwidth and cybersecurity. This pressure drives the evolution towards new architectures, featuring the rise of Automotive Ethernet with Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) as the high-speed backbone, the evolution of the CAN protocol itself (CAN Flexible Data-Rate (FD) and CAN Extra Long (XL)), and the migration to a zonal architecture paradigm. It is concluded that the future of in-vehicle communication lies not in complete replacement, but in a hierarchical and optimized coexistence of protocols. Finally, the work serves as a consolidated reference on the subject, analyzing the technological legacy and the trends shaping the vehicles of the future.