A evolução dos materiais na indústria automobilística

Abstract

The automotive industry is strongly related to the evolution of materials engineering, since vehicle performance, safety, energy efficiency and sustainability depend directly on the materials used in manufacturing. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the evolution of materials applied in the automotive industry, comparing traditional and modern materials, as well as discussing their applications in conventional and electric vehicles. The methodology was based on a bibliographic review, using scientific articles, technical books and institutional reports selected from academic databases. The analyzed studies allowed the identification of the main properties that justify the use of materials such as carbon steel, cast iron, metallic alloys, engineering polymers, composite materials and lightweight alloys. The results show that traditional materials remain relevant due to their low cost, high mechanical strength and ease of processing. However, modern materials stand out for their improved strength-to-weight ratio, higher corrosion resistance and contribution to vehicle weight reduction, meeting current demands for energy efficiency and sustainability. It was also observed that electric vehicles promote the adoption of new materials, especially in battery systems, thermal protection structures and electronic components. It is concluded that the automotive industry adopts a hybrid approach, integrating traditional and modern materials according to the function of each component. Future perspectives indicate that materials engineering will remain a key factor in the development of lighter, safer, more efficient and environmentally responsible vehicles.