Agentes causadores do complexo de helminthosporiose no milho: uma revisão de literatura

Helminthosporiosis is one of the main foliar diseases affecting maize (Zea mays L.), especially in tropical regions and in successive plantings such as second-season maize ("safrinha"). Caused by different species of fungi—most notably Bipolaris maydis and Exserohilum turcicum—the disease can lead to significant losses in both grain productivity and quality. This study aimed to conduct an in-depth literature review on the causal agents of helminthosporiosis in maize, addressing aspects such as morphology, epidemiology, symptomatology, genetic variability, and management strategies. The results showed that despite the similarity in symptoms caused by different species, there are relevant genetic and biological distinctions that directly affect disease dynamics and the selection of control measures. Molecular techniques such as PCR-RFLP and RAPD proved effective in differentiating pathogens, serving as important tools for diagnosis and genetic improvement programs. It is concluded that effective management of helminthosporiosis depends on accurate identification of the etiological agents, integrated use of resistant cultivars, appropriate cultural practices, and rational fungicide application, contributing to crop sustainability and food security.